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What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are among the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. HPV is so widespread that the majority of sexually active individuals will contract it at some point in their lives. The virus can affect both men and women, leading to a variety of health issues, ranging from benign conditions like warts to more serious diseases like cancer.
Types of HPV
HPV is categorized into low-risk and high-risk types based on their potential to cause health problems:
- Low-Risk HPV: These types of HPV can cause conditions such as genital warts and other non-cancerous lesions. Although they can be uncomfortable or cosmetically concerning, low-risk HPV types generally do not lead to cancer.
- High-Risk HPV: Certain types of HPV are considered high-risk because they are associated with the development of cancer. The most notable cancers linked to high-risk HPV include cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx (throat).
How is HPV Transmitted?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is primarily transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact, particularly during sexual activities. The virus is most commonly spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and it can be passed on even if the infected person shows no visible symptoms.
HPV is not limited to penetrative sex; it can also be transmitted through any genital skin contact, making it possible to spread the virus even without full intercourse. Additionally, engaging in oral sex can transmit HPV to the mouth and throat, potentially leading to infections that may result in certain types of cancer, such as oropharyngeal cancer.
Symptoms of HPV
Most HPV infections are asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any noticeable symptoms and often clear on their own without causing any health issues. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Genital Warts: Small growths or lumps that appear on the genital, anal, or oral areas. These warts can vary in size and shape and are usually caused by low-risk HPV types.
- Abnormal Pap Smear Results: Women may learn they have HPV if they receive abnormal results from a Pap smear, a test that screens for changes in the cervical cells that could indicate the presence of high-risk HPV.
HPV Testing: What You Need to Know
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) testing is a critical procedure for detecting the presence of the virus in the body, particularly the strains most likely to cause cervical cancer. This testing is a key part of women's health care, especially in Singapore, where it is strongly recommended as part of regular cervical cancer screening.
Importance of HPV Testing
HPV testing is vital for identifying high-risk HPV strains that can lead to cervical cancer. In Singapore, the Ministry of Health (MOH) recommends that women aged 30 and above undergo HPV testing every five years, often in combination with a Pap smear. Women aged 25 to 29 are advised to have a Pap smear every three years. Regular screening allows for the early detection of HPV infections, enabling timely intervention and reducing the risk of developing cervical cancer.
How HPV Testing is Done
For Women: During a pelvic exam, a healthcare provider collects cells from the cervix using a small brush or swab. These cells are tested in a laboratory to check for high-risk HPV strains. The procedure is usually quick and painless.
For Men: Routine HPV testing for men is not widely available. However, HPV-related health issues, such as genital warts or cancers, can be detected through visual examination or specific tests if symptoms are present.
Understanding the Results
Negative Result: Indicates that no high-risk HPV strains were detected, suggesting a lower risk of cervical cancer.
Positive Result: Indicates the presence of high-risk HPV strains. This does not mean cancer is present, but it may require further tests, such as a colposcopy or biopsy, to monitor any changes in cervical cells.
HPV Vaccination
In addition to regular testing, vaccination against HPV is highly recommended. The HPV vaccine protects against the most common high-risk strains responsible for cervical cancer and genital warts. In Singapore, the MOH recommends vaccination for girls aged 9 to 26 years, ideally before they become sexually active, to maximize its protective benefits. The vaccine is also available for males, offering broader protection against HPV-related health issues. >More Info
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How to Prepare for an HPV Test
Preparing for an HPV test is simple and helps ensure accurate results. Here’s what you need to know
- Timing: Try to schedule your test when you’re not on your period, ideally 10 to 20 days after the start of your last period.
- Avoid Products: Don’t use tampons, vaginal creams, or medications for 48 hours before the test. Also, avoid douching.
- No Intercourse: Refrain from sexual intercourse for 24 to 48 hours before the test.
- Inform Your Doctor: Let your healthcare provider know if you’re pregnant, have had recent infections, or are taking any medications.
- Stay Relaxed: The test is quick and usually done during a pelvic exam. Relax and communicate with your provider if you feel any discomfort.
- What to Expect: You’ll lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups. A speculum is used to open the vagina, and a small brush or swab collects cells from your cervix.
- Resume Normal Activities: You can go back to your regular activities right after the test. Mild spotting or discomfort is normal.
- Results: Expect your results within a week or two. Your provider will advise if further tests or follow-up care is needed.
Before the Test
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After the Test
Here’s Some Important FAQ
What is HPV?
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a group of viruses that are very common and can infect the genital areas, mouth, and throat. Some types of HPV can cause cervical cancer, genital warts, and other health problems.
- You have an infection that refuses to clear up
- You notice genital warts on your throat, scrotum, anus and penis
Most women who contract the virus don’t always exhibit any known or visible symptoms. However, sometimes the virus can result in painless lumps or growths around your anus or vagina (vagina lumps).
Can men be tested for HPV?
Routine HPV testing is not typically available for men. However, HPV-related health issues, such as genital warts or cancers, can be diagnosed through visual examination or specific tests if symptoms are present.
How is HPV diagnosed in Singapore?
HPV is diagnosed through HPV testing.
While HPV testing is crucial for anyone, it is highly recommended for males who engage in same-sex intercourse. This is because such individuals are more likely to contract high-risk HPV even without knowing.
High-risk strains of HPV often do not display any visible or known symptoms.
The HPV screening test boasts an efficacy rate of more than 90%. HPV testing can be carried out on numerous parts of the body, ranging from the penis, vagina, anal as well as throat.
Is the HPV vaccine necessary if I’m already sexually active?
Yes, the >HPV vaccine is still recommended even if you’re sexually active. It protects against the most common high-risk HPV strains and can significantly reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers and genital warts.
Is the HPV test painful?
The HPV test is generally not painful, though you may feel some mild discomfort during the collection of cervical cells. The procedure is quick, usually taking only a few minutes.
What happens if my HPV test is positive?
If your HPV test is positive, your healthcare provider may recommend additional tests, such as a colposcopy or biopsy, to further investigate and monitor any changes in cervical cells. Early detection and treatment can prevent the development of cervical cancer.
Can HPV be cured?
There is no cure for the HPV virus itself, but many HPV infections go away on their own. Treatments are available for the health problems caused by HPV, such as genital warts and cervical cell changes.
How can I reduce my risk of HPV?
In addition to regular screening and >vaccination, practicing safe sex by using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can help reduce the risk of contracting HPV. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect against the most harmful strains of HPV.
What is the difference Pap smear and an HPV test?
A >Pap smear checks for abnormal changes in cervical cells that may indicate the presence of cancer or precancerous conditions. An HPV test specifically looks for the presence of high-risk HPV strains that are associated with cervical cancer. In Singapore, both tests are often used together to provide a more comprehensive screening.
